Wednesday, July 15, 2009

Resume & Cover Letter Sites

Monster Resume
http://resume.monster.com/

Best Sample Resume
http://www.bestsampleresume.com

Proven Resumes

http://www.provenresumes.com/

10 Minute Resume
http://www.10minuteresume.com/

Resume Tutor
http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/ecep/resume/


Sample Cover Letters
http://www.bestcoverletters.com

JobWeb Resumes
http://www.jobweb.com/Resumes_Interviews/default.htm

Rockport Resume
http://www.rockportinstitute.com/resumes.html

JobStar Resumes
http://jobstar.org/tools/resume/index.cfm

CareerLab Coverletters
http://www.careerlab.com/letters/default.htm

Quintcareers
http://www.quintcareers.com/


Jobsearch.about.com
http://jobsearch.about.com/library/samples/blindex.htm

Career.vt.edu
http://www.career.vt.edu/JOBSEARC/Resumes/formats.htm

A1resumes
http://www.a1resumes.net/

Betasearch
http://www.betasearch.com/

Sampleresumes
http://www.sampleresumes.com/

Aandaresume
http://www.aandaresume.com/

Salisbury.edu
http://www.salisbury.edu/careerservices/Students/ResumeCover.htm

Susanireland
http://susanireland.com/inlet.html

support4learning.org.uk - coverletters
http://www.support4learning.org.uk/jobsearch/cover.htm



Software Testing Interview Questions and Answers

Define Bug Life Cycle? What is Metrics?
When we find out the bug, we will put into the “open” status. After fixing the bug developer change the status as “fixed”. Again we will test the fixed part, if there is no bug, change the bug status as “Closed” other wise change the bug status as “Reopen”.
A s/w metric defines the a standard method of measuring certain attributes of the process or the product or the service.

What is the difference between System testing and end to end testing?
System testing is testing conducted on a complete, integrated system to evaluate the system’s compliance with its specified requirements.
end to end testing: here we give real time data…
System Testing: One module or part of the system is tested
end-to-end Testing: The entire project, i.e which has many integrated systems, are tested.

How would you test a fast lazer printer?
-Test for power supply
-pc connection test
-printer sample test
-buffer test
-alignment test
-test for clarity
-speed of printing
-performance

Difference between stress testing and load testing?
STRESS TESTING:
for all types of applications deny the resources it needs, like: application is developed for 256MB Ram or higher. you test on 64Mb Ram see it fails and fails safely
LOAD TESTING:
for client/server applications { 2-tier or higher }
Your request:
5000 users at a time. Check throughput of application, if achieved, load testing for reqd load is done. If not tune the application developed and/or servers
STRESS TESTING:
estimating the performance of a application under different load levels.
LOAD TESTING:
To estimate the performance of a application when number of concurrent users are accessing at a time.
STRESS TESTING:
Estimating the performance of server or CPU by applying max load or peak load.
LOAD TESTING:
Estimating the performance of server or CPU under customer expected configuration load is called load testing.
STRESS TESTING:
apart from the above information there is more of hardware dependency kind of testing (like: less CPU, less RAM rtc..)
LOAD TESTING:
focuses on number of user over a certain peroid of time (like normal users, more than normal user, huge number of users, unbearable number of users etc…)

How to write test cases for a search web page like google?
Test Case No.1
Test Data: Enter the URL of the website and press “Enter button”
Exp Result: Home page of the Website should appears.
Test Case No.2
Test Data: Check all the sub links are enable or disable.
Exp Result: All the sub links must be in enabled state.
Test Case No.3
Test Data: Check whether the Search Button is Enabled or disabled.
Exp Result: Search Button should be in Enabled state.
Test Case No.2
Test Data: Check whether the “search” Text box takes all data or not.
Exp Result: It should take all types of data (like, Numeric,Characters,special Characters etc…).

What is the difference between use case, test case and test plan?
Use Case:

It is prepared by Business analyst in the Functional Requirement Specification (FRS), which is nothing but steps which are given by the customer.
Test cases: It is prepared by test engineer based on the use cases from FRS to check the functionality of an application thoroughly.
Test Plan: Team lead prepares test plan, in it he represents the scope of the test, what to test and what not to test, scheduling, what to test using automation etc.

How can we design the test cases from requirements? Do the requirements, represent exact functionality of AUT?
Yes, requirements should represent exact functionality of AUT.
First of all you have to analyze the requirements very thoroughly in terms of functionality. Then we have to thing about suitable test case design technique [Black Box design techniques like Equivalence Class Partitioning (ECP), Boundary Valve Analysis (BVA),Error guessing and Cause Effect Graphing] for writing the test cases.
By these concepts you should design a test case, which should have the capability of finding the absence of defects.

How to launch the test cases in Test Director and where it is saved?

You create the test cases in the test plan tab and link them to the requirements in the requirement tab. Once the test cases are ready we change the status to ready and go to the “Test Lab” Tab and create a test set and add the test cases to the test set and you can run from there.
For automation, in test plan, create a new automated test and launch the tool and create the script and save it and you can run from the test lab the same way as you did for the manual test cases.
The test cases are sorted in test plan tab or more precisely in the test director, lets say quality centers database test director is now referred to as quality center.

What is the deference between a bug and a defect?

When tester verifies the test cases, all failed test cases are recorded as bugs directed for necessary action and recorded in defected reports. As a testing point of view all fail test cases are defects as well as found bugs. While development point of view if product doesn’t meet the software requirement specifications or any other features that is to be required, it is defect in the system. Who found this feature is not meeting his requirements, he call it is bug in that product.

How can we explain a bug, which may arrive at the time of testing. Explain?
First check the status of the bug, then check whether the bug is valid or not then forward the same bug to the team leader and then after confirmation forward it to the concern developer.

What do you mean by reproducing the bug? If the bug was not reproducible, what is the next step?

Reproducing a bug is as simple as reproducing a defect. If you find a defect, for example click the button and the corresponding action didn’t happen, it is a bug. If the developer is unable to find this behavior he will ask us to reproduce the bug.
In another scenario, if the client complaints a defect in the production we will have to reproduce it in test environment.

How can you know bug is reproducible or not?
A bug is reproducible if we can reproduce it, If we cannot reproduce it, it is not reproducible in which case we will do further testing around it and if we cannot see it we will close it, and just hope it would never come back ever again.

On what basis we give priority and severity for a bug and give one example for high priority and low severity and high severity and low priority?
Always the priority is given by our team leader. Tester will never give the priority.
For example,
High severity: hardware bugs application crash
Low severity: User interface bugs.
High priority: Error message is not coming on time, calculation bugs etc.
Low priority: Wrong alignment, final output wrong.

How is traceability of bug follow?

The traceability of bug can be followed in so many ways.
1. Mapping the functional requirement scenarios (FS Doc) - test cases (ID) - Failed test cases (Bugs)
2. Mapping between requirements (RS Doc) - Test case (ID) - Failed test cases.
3. Mapping between test plans (TP Doc) - test case (ID) - failed test cases.
4. Mapping between business requirements (BR Doc) - test cases (ID) - Failed test cases.
5. Mapping between high level design (Design Doc) - test cases (ID) - Failed test cases.
Usually the traceability matrix is mapping between the requirements, client requirements, function specification, test plan and test cases.

What will be the role of tester if bug is reproduced?

When ever the bug is reproduced, tester can send it back to the developer and ask him to fix it again. If the developer cannot fix the bug once again and if the tester sends the bug back to the developer, the third time the tester can make the bug as deferred i.e. he can reject the build (.exe)

How many functional testing tools are available? What is the easiest scripting language used?
There might be a lot but mostly used are Win runner , silk Test, Rational Robot, QTP These are the functional Testing tools.

What are the types of functional tests available?

There are four types of function to test a system.
1. Functional testing
2. Performance testing
3. integration testing
4. System testing

What is the major difference between Web services & client server environment?
The major difference between them are:
Web Services:
Its more towards the internet side. When we talk about web services it could mean from the java side (deployed on Apache) or Windows side (deployed on IIS). Testing web services is totally a different topic here.
Client Server: The system here involves a client system or a GUI (wherein a user see the front end by which he can input to the system) and a Server ( a backend usually) where in the data gets saved via the GUI.

What is Test Procedure?
Test procedure:-document specifying a sequence of actions for the execution of a particular test. Test Procedure is a part of Test Case document. It comprises of following three steps:
1. To verify the look and feel of AUT through GUI test cases.
2. To verify the positive behavior of AUT through positive test cases.
3. To verify the negative behavior of the AUT through negative test cases.

Key elements of test plan?
The TestPlan consists of so many things. These are Test scope, Test Strategy, Testing Schedule, Resource planning, What to test and What not to test, What can do in manual and What can do in Automation, If Automation then which tool is preferred etc.
Test plan is the plan where, the test lead will select how many testers are required for testing for given application. How to divide the team and test cases. How much time it takes to wind up testing process.

What is SQA testing and steps of SQA testing?
Software QA involves the entire software development PROCESS, monitoring and improving the process. Making sure that any agreed-upon standards and procedures are followed and ensuring that problems are found and dealt with. It is oriented to ‘prevention’. The life cycle begins when an application is first conceived and ends when it is no longer in use. It includes aspects such as initial concept, requirements analysis, functional design, internal design, documentation planning, test planning, coding, document preparation, integration, testing, maintenance, updates, retesting, phase-out, and other specification.

What is the difference between Use Case and Test Case?

Use Case is written in Business Design Document (BDD)by the Business Analyst. It is for understanding the functionality for the person who is involved in writing the test cases.
USE CASE EXAMPLE Action Response
when OK button is clicked Screen 1 appears

Testcase is different perceptions for a functionality to be tested, usually written by a Test Engineer. The same person who has written the testcase may execute them or the other person
Above Usecase is converted into TestCase keeping in mind different perceptions (-ve and +ve)
Action Expected Value Actual Value Result
click on Ok screen 1 should appear(+ve perception) screen1 appeared pass
click on ok screen 2 should appear(-ve perception) screen 1 appeared fail
click on ok screen 2 should appear(-ve perception screen 2 appeared pass
Difference between test case and use case is
use case is prepared by High Level Management team but test case is prepared by
Test engineers.
Use case is prepared for validating the applications in terms of Actors, actions and responses but test case is used to test a specific functionality of an app.

Use case is description of series of events that occur between user and system.
i.e. how system will response when a particular action is taken by user.
Test case:-in use case a generalized scenario is given but in testcase we are more thoroughly testing the various aspect of that generalized scenario.

What is the difference between System testing and end to end testing?
System testing is testing conducted on a complete, integrated system to evaluate the system’s compliance with its specified requirements.
end to end testing: here we give real time data…
System Testing: One module or part of the system is tested
end-to-end Testing: The entire project, i.e which has many integrated systems, are tested.


UNIX Interview Questions and Answers (UNIX faqs)

UNIX FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

1. Construct pipes to execute the following jobs.

a. Output of who should be displayed on the screen with value of total number of users who have logged in displayed at the bottom of the list.

b. Output of ls should be displayed on the screen and from this output the lines containing the word ‘poem’
should be counted and the count should be stored in a file.

c. Contents of file1 and file2 should be displayed on the screen and this output should be appended in a file
.
From output of ls the lines containing ‘poem’ should be displayed on the screen along with the count.

d. Name of cities should be accepted from the keyboard . This list should be combined with the list present
in a file. This combined list should be sorted and the sorted list
should be stored in a file ‘newcity’.

e. All files present in a directory dir1 should be deleted any error while deleting should be stored in a file
‘errorlog’.

2. Explain the following commands.
$ ls > file1
$ banner hi-fi > message
$ cat par.3 par.4 par.5 >> report
$ cat file1>file1
$ date ; who
$ date ; who > logfile
$ (date ; who) > logfile

3. What is the significance of the “tee” command?
It reads the standard input and sends it to the standard output while redirecting a copy of what it has read to
the file specified by the user.

4. What does the command “ $who | sort –logfile > newfile” do?
The input from a pipe can be combined with the input from a file . The trick is to use the special symbol “-“
(a hyphen) for those commands that recognize the hyphen as std input.
In the above command the output from who becomes the std input to sort , meanwhile sort opens the file
logfile, the contents of this file is sorted together with the output of who (rep by the hyphen) and the sorted
output is redirected to the file newfile.

5. What does the command “$ls | wc –l > file1” do?
ls becomes the input to wc which counts the number of lines it receives as input and instead of displaying
this count , the value is stored in file1.

6. Which of the following commands is not a filter man , (b) cat , (c) pg , (d) head
Ans: man
A filter is a program which can receive a flow of data from std input, process (or filter) it and send the result
to the std output.

7. How is the command “$cat file2 “ different from “$cat >file2 and >> redirection operators ?
is the output redirection operator when used it overwrites while >> operator appends into the file.

9. Explain the steps that a shell follows while processing a command.
After the command line is terminated by the key, the shel goes ahead with processing the command line in
one or more passes. The sequence is well defined and assumes the following order.
Parsing: The shell first breaks up the command line into words, using spaces and the delimiters, unless
quoted. All consecutive occurrences of a space or tab are replaced here with a single space.
Variable evaluation: All words preceded by a $ are avaluated as variables, unless quoted or escaped.
Command substitution: Any command surrounded by backquotes is executed by the shell which then
replaces the standard output of the command into the command line.
Wild-card interpretation: The shell finally scans the command line for wild-cards (the characters *, ?, [, ]).
Any word containing a wild-card is replaced by a sorted list of
filenames that match the pattern. The list of these filenames then forms the arguments to the command.
PATH evaluation: It finally looks for the PATH variable to determine the sequence of directories it has to
search in order to hunt for the command.

10. What difference between cmp and diff commands?
cmp - Compares two files byte by byte and displays the first mismatch
diff - tells the changes to be made to make the files identical

11. What is the use of ‘grep’ command?
‘grep’ is a pattern search command. It searches for the pattern, specified in the command line with
appropriate option, in a file(s).
Syntax : grep
Example : grep 99mx mcafile

12. What is the difference between cat and more command?
Cat displays file contents. If the file is large the contents scroll off the screen before we view it. So
command ‘more’ is like a pager which displays the contents page by page.

13. Write a command to kill the last background job?
Kill $!

14. Which command is used to delete all files in the current directory and all its sub-directories?
rm -r *

15. Write a command to display a file’s contents in various formats?
$od -cbd file_name
c - character, b - binary (octal), d-decimal, od=Octal Dump.

16. What will the following command do?
$ echo *
It is similar to ‘ls’ command and displays all the files in the current directory.

17. Is it possible to create new a file system in UNIX?
Yes, ‘mkfs’ is used to create a new file system.

18. Is it possible to restrict incoming message?
Yes, using the ‘mesg’ command.

19. What is the use of the command “ls -x chapter[1-5]“
ls stands for list; so it displays the list of the files that starts with ‘chapter’ with suffix ‘1′ to ‘5′, chapter1,
chapter2, and so on.

20. Is ‘du’ a command? If so, what is its use?
Yes, it stands for ‘disk usage’. With the help of this command you can find the disk capacity and free space
of the disk.

21. Is it possible to count number char, line in a file; if so, How?
Yes, wc-stands for word count.
wc -c for counting number of characters in a file.
wc -l for counting lines in a file.

22. Name the data structure used to maintain file identification?
‘inode’, each file has a separate inode and a unique inode number.

23. How many prompts are available in a UNIX system?
Two prompts, PS1 (Primary Prompt), PS2 (Secondary Prompt).

24. How does the kernel differentiate device files and ordinary files?
Kernel checks ‘type’ field in the file’s inode structure.

25. How to switch to a super user status to gain privileges?
Use ‘su’ command. The system asks for password and when valid entry is made the user gains super user
(admin) privileges.

26. What are shell variables?
Shell variables are special variables, a name-value pair created and maintained by the shell.
Example: PATH, HOME, MAIL and TERM

27. What is redirection?
Directing the flow of data to the file or from the file for input or output.
Example : ls > wc

28. How to terminate a process which is running and the specialty on command kill 0?
With the help of kill command we can terminate the process.
Syntax: kill pid
Kill 0 - kills all processes in your system except the login shell.

29. What is a pipe and give an example?
A pipe is two or more commands separated by pipe char ‘|’. That tells the shell to arrange for the output of
the preceding command to be passed as input to the following command.
Example : ls -l | pr
The output for a command ls is the standard input of pr.
When a sequence of commands are combined using pipe, then it is called pipeline.

30. Explain kill() and its possible return values.
There are four possible results from this call:
‘kill()’ returns 0. This implies that a process exists with the given PID, and the system would allow you to
send signals to it. It is system-dependent whether the process could be a zombie.
‘kill()’ returns -1, ‘errno == ESRCH’ either no process exists with the given PID, or security enhancements
are causing the system to deny its existence. (On some systems, the process could be a zombie.)
‘kill()’ returns -1, ‘errno == EPERM’ the system would not allow you to kill the specified process. This means
that either the process exists (again, it could be a zombie) or draconian security
(e.g. your process is not allowed to send signals to *anybody*).
‘kill()’ returns -1, with some other value of ‘errno’ you are in trouble! The most-used technique is to assume
that success or failure with ‘EPERM’ implies that the process exists, and any other error implies that it
doesn’t.
An alternative exists, if you are writing specifically for a system (or all those systems) that provide a ‘/proc’
filesystem: checking for the existence of ‘/proc/PID’ may work.
enhancements are present

31. What is relative path and absolute path.
Absolute path : Exact path from root directory.
Relative path : Relative to the current path.

COMMON INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Tell me about yourself:

The most often asked question in interviews. You need to have a short statement prepared in your mind. Be careful that it does not sound rehearsed. Limit it to work-related items unless instructed otherwise. Talk about things you have done and jobs you have held that relate to the position you are interviewing for. Start with the item farthest back and work up to the present.

2. Why did you leave your last job?

Stay positive regardless of the circumstances. Never refer to a major problem with management and never speak ill of supervisors, co-workers or the organization. If you do, you will be the one looking bad. Keep smiling and talk about leaving for a positive reason such as an opportunity, a chance to do something special or other forward-looking reasons.

3. What experience do you have in this field?

Speak about specifics that relate to the position you are applying for. If you do not have specific experience, get as close as you can.

4. Do you consider yourself successful?

You should always answer yes and briefly explain why. A good explanation is that you have set goals, and you have met some and are on track to achieve the others.

5. What do co-workers say about you?

Be prepared with a quote or two from co-workers. Either a specific statement or a paraphrase will work. Jill Clark, a co-worker at Smith Company, always said I was the hardest workers she had ever known. It is as powerful as Jill having said it at the interview herself.

6. What do you know about this organization?

This question is one reason to do some research on the organization before the interview. Find out where they have been and where they are going. What are the current issues and who are the major players?

7. What have you done to improve your knowledge in the last year?

Try to include improvement activities that relate to the job. A wide variety of activities can be mentioned as positive self-improvement. Have some good ones handy to mention.

8. Are you applying for other jobs?

Be honest but do not spend a lot of time in this area. Keep the focus on this job and what you can do for this organization. Anything else is a distraction.

9. Why do you want to work for this organization?

This may take some thought and certainly, should be based on the research you have done on the organization. Sincerity is extremely important here and will easily be sensed. Relate it to your long-term career goals.

10. Do you know anyone who works for us?

Be aware of the policy on relatives working for the organization. This can affect your answer even though they asked about friends not relatives. Be careful to mention a friend only if they are well thought of.

11. What kind of salary do you need?

A loaded question. A nasty little game that you will probably lose if you answer first. So, do not answer it. Instead, say something like, That’s a tough question. Can you tell me the range for this position? In most cases, the interviewer, taken off guard, will tell you. If not, say that it can depend on the details of the job. Then give a wide range.

12. Are you a team player?

You are, of course, a team player. Be sure to have examples ready. Specifics that show you often perform for the good of the team rather than for yourself are good evidence of your team attitude. Do not brag, just say it in a matter-of-fact tone. This is a key point.

13. How long would you expect to work for us if hired?

Specifics here are not good. Something like this should work: I’d like it to be a long time. Or As long as we both feel I’m doing a good job.

14. Have you ever had to fire anyone? How did you feel about that?

This is serious. Do not make light of it or in any way seem like you like to fire people. At the same time, you will do it when it is the right thing to do. When it comes to the organization versus the individual who has created a harmful situation, you will protect the organization. Remember firing is not the same as layoff or reduction in force.

15. What is your philosophy towards work?

The interviewer is not looking for a long or flowery dissertation here. Do you have strong feelings that the job gets done? Yes. That’s the type of answer that works best here. Short and positive, showing a benefit to the organization.

16. If you had enough money to retire right now, would you?

Answer yes if you would. But since you need to work, this is the type of work you prefer. Do not say yes if you do not mean it.

17. Have you ever been asked to leave a position?

If you have not, say no. If you have, be honest, brief and avoid saying negative things about the people or organization involved.

18. Explain how you would be an asset to this organization

You should be anxious for this question. It gives you a chance to highlight your best points as they relate to the position being discussed. Give a little advance thought to this relationship.

19. Why should we hire you?

Point out how your assets meet what the organization needs. Do not mention any other candidates to make a comparison.

20. Tell me about a suggestion you have made

Have a good one ready. Be sure and use a suggestion that was accepted and was then considered successful. One related to the type of work applied for is a real plus.

21. What irritates you about co-workers?

This is a trap question. Think real hard but fail to come up with anything that irritates you. A short statement that you seem to get along with folks is great.

22. What is your greatest strength?

Numerous answers are good, just stay positive. A few good examples: Your ability to prioritize, Your problem-solving skills, Your ability to work under pressure, Your ability to focus on projects, Your professional expertise, Your leadership skills, Your positive attitude .

23. Tell me about your dream job.

Stay away from a specific job. You cannot win. If you say the job you are contending for is it, you strain credibility. If you say another job is it, you plant the suspicion that you will be dissatisfied with this position if hired. The best is to stay genetic and say something like: A job where I love the work, like the people, can contribute and can’t wait to get to work.

24. Why do you think you would do well at this job?

Give several reasons and include skills, experience and interest

25. What are you looking for in a job?

See answer # 23

26. What kind of person would you refuse to work with?

Do not be trivial. It would take disloyalty to the organization, violence or lawbreaking to get you to object. Minor objections will label you as a whiner.

27. What is more important to you: the money or the work?

Money is always important, but the work is the most important. There is no better answer.

28. What would your previous supervisor say your strongest point is?

There are numerous good possibilities: Loyalty, Energy, Positive attitude, Leadership, Team player, Expertise, Initiative, Patience, Hard work, Creativity, Problem solver

29. Tell me about a problem you had with a supervisor

Biggest trap of all. This is a test to see if you will speak ill of your boss. If you fall for it and tell about a problem with a former boss, you may well below the interview right there. Stay positive and develop a poor memory about any trouble with a supervisor.

30. What has disappointed you about a job?

Don’t get trivial or negative. Safe areas are few but can include: Not enough of a challenge. You were laid off in a reduction Company did not win a contract, which would have given you more responsibility.

31. Tell me about your ability to work under pressure.

You may say that you thrive under certain types of pressure. Give an example that relates to the type of position applied for.

32. Do your skills match this job or another job more closely?

Probably this one. Do not give fuel to the suspicion that you may want another job more than this one.

33. What motivates you to do your best on the job?

This is a personal trait that only you can say, but good examples are: Challenge, Achievement, Recognition

34. Are you willing to work overtime? Nights? Weekends?

This is up to you. Be totally honest.

35. How would you know you were successful on this job?

Several ways are good measures: You set high standards for yourself and meet them. Your outcomes are a success.Your boss tell you that you are successful

36. Would you be willing to relocate if required?

You should be clear on this with your family prior to the interview if you think there is a chance it may come up. Do not say yes just to get the job if the real answer is no. This can create a lot of problems later on in your career. Be honest at this point and save yourself future grief.

37. Are you willing to put the interests of the organization ahead of your own?

This is a straight loyalty and dedication question. Do not worry about the deep ethical and philosophical implications. Just say yes.

38. Describe your management style.

Try to avoid labels. Some of the more common labels, like progressive, salesman or consensus, can have several meanings or descriptions depending on which management expert you listen to. The situational style is safe, because it says you will manage according to the situation, instead of one size fits all.

39. What have you learned from mistakes on the job?

Here you have to come up with something or you strain credibility. Make it small, well intentioned mistake with a positive lesson learned. An example would be working too far ahead of colleagues on a project and thus throwing coordination off.

40. Do you have any blind spots?

Trick question. If you know about blind spots, they are no longer blind spots. Do not reveal any personal areas of concern here. Let them do their own discovery on your bad points. Do not hand it to them.

41. If you were hiring a person for this job, what would you look for?

Be careful to mention traits that are needed and that you have.

42. Do you think you are overqualified for this position?

Regardless of your qualifications, state that you are very well qualified for the position.

43. How do you propose to compensate for your lack of experience?

First, if you have experience that the interviewer does not know about, bring that up: Then, point out (if true) that you are a hard working quick learner.

44. What qualities do you look for in a boss?

Be generic and positive. Safe qualities are knowledgeable, a sense of humor, fair, loyal to subordinates and holder of high standards. All bosses think they have these traits.

45. Tell me about a time when you helped resolve a dispute between others.

Pick a specific incident. Concentrate on your problem solving technique and not the dispute you settled.

46. What position do you prefer on a team working on a project?

Be honest. If you are comfortable in different roles, point that out.

47. Describe your work ethic.

Emphasize benefits to the organization. Things like, determination to get the job done and work hard but enjoy your work are good.

48. What has been your biggest professional disappointment?

Be sure that you refer to something that was beyond your control. Show acceptance and no negative feelings

49. Tell me about the most fun you have had on the job.

Talk about having fun by accomplishing something for the organization.

50. Do you have any questions for me?

Always have some questions prepared. Questions prepared where you will be an asset to the organization are good. How soon will I be able to be productive? and What type of projects will I be able to assist on? are examples.

WCF Interview Questions and Answers

What is .NET 3.0?

In one simple equation .NET 3.0 = .NET 2.0 + Windows Communication Foundation + Windows

Presentation Foundation + Windows Workflow Foundation + Windows Card Space.

What is WCF?
Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) is an SDK for developing and deploying services on Windows. WCF provides a runtime environment for services, enabling you to expose CLR types as services, and to consume other services as CLR types.

First let us give a short answer to this: - “WCF (Indigo was the code name for WCF) is a

unification of .NET framework communication technologies
“.WCF is a unification technology,

which unites the following technologies:-

• NET remoting

• MSMQ

• Web services

• COM+.


What was the code name for WCF?
The code name of WCF was Indigo .
WCF is a unification of .NET framework communication technologies which unites the following technologies:-

1.Web services
2.MSMQ
3.NET remoting
4.COM+

What are the main components of WCF?
The main components of WCF are
1. Service class
2. Hosting environment
3. End point

Where we can host WCF services?
Every WCF services must be hosted somewhere. There are three ways of hosting WCF services.
They are
1. IIS
2. Self Hosting
3. WAS (Windows Activation Service)

What is service and client in perspective of data communication?
A service is a unit of functionality exposed to the world.
The client of a service is merely the party consuming the service.

What are different elements of WCF Srevices Client configuration file?
WCF Services client configuration file contains endpoint, address, binding and contract.
A sample client config file looks like

What is endpoint in WCF?
Every service must have Address that defines where the service resides, Contract that defines what the service does and a Binding that defines how to communicate with the service. In WCF the relationship between Address, Contract and Binding is called Endpoint.

What are ends, contract, address, and bindings?
The above terminologies are the core on which SOA stands. Every service must expose one or
more ends by which the service can be available to the client. End consists of three important
things where, what and how:-
Contract (What)
Contract is an agreement between two or more parties. It defines the protocol how client should
communicate with your service. Technically, it describes parameters and return values for a
method.
Address (Where)
An Address indicates where we can find this service. Address is a URL, which points to the
location of the service.
Binding (How)
Bindings determine how this end can be accessed. It determines how communications is done.
For instance, you expose your service, which can be accessed using SOAP over HTTP or
BINARY over TCP. So for each of these communications medium two bindings will be created.
Below figure, show the three main components of end. You can see the stock ticker
is the service
class, which has an end hosted on www.soa.com with HTTP and TCP binding support and using
Stock Ticker interface type.

What is binding and how many types of bindings are there in WCF?
A binding defines how an endpoint communicates to the world. A binding defines the transport (such as HTTP or TCP) and the encoding being used (such as text or binary). A binding can contain binding elements that specify details like the security mechanisms used to secure messages, or the message pattern used by an endpoint.

WCF supports nine types of bindings.

Basic binding
Offered by the BasicHttpBinding class, this is designed to expose a WCF service as a legacy ASMX web service, so that old clients can work with new services. When used by the client, this binding enables new WCF clients to work with old ASMX services.

This binding is used when we need to use SOAP over HTTP. This binding
can also be configured to be used as HTTPS. It can be also configured to send data in plain text or
in optimized form like MTOM.

TCP binding
Offered by the NetTcpBinding class, this uses TCP for cross-machine communication on the intranet. It supports a variety of features, including reliability, transactions, and security, and is optimized for WCF-to-WCF communication. As a result, it requires both the client and the service to use WCF.
This binding sends binary-encoded SOAP, including support for reliable
message transfer, security, and transactions, directly over TCP. The biggest disadvantage of
NetTcpBinding is that both server and client should be also made in .NET language.


Peer network binding
Offered by the NetPeerTcpBinding class, this uses peer networking as a transport. The peer network-enabled client and services all subscribe to the same grid and broadcast messages to it.

IPC binding
Offered by the NetNamedPipeBinding class, this uses named pipes as a transport for same-machine communication. It is the most secure binding since it cannot accept calls from outside the machine and it supports a variety of features similar to the TCP binding.

Web Service (WS) binding
Offered by the WSHttpBinding class, this uses HTTP or HTTPS for transport, and is designed to offer a variety of features such as reliability, transactions, and security over the Internet.

It is same like BasicHttpBinding. In short, it uses SOAP over HTTP. But with
it also supports reliable message transfer, security and transaction. WS-Reliable Messaging,
security with WS-Security, and transactions with WS-Atomic Transaction supports reliable
message.

Federated WS binding
Offered by the WSFederationHttpBinding class, this is a specialization of the WS binding, offering support for federated security.

Duplex WS binding
Offered by the WSDualHttpBinding class, this is similar to the WS binding except it also supports bidirectional communication from the service to the client.

MSMQ binding
Offered by the NetMsmqBinding class, this uses MSMQ for transport and is designed to offer support for disconnected queued calls.

MSMQ integration binding
Offered by the MsmqIntegrationBinding class, this converts WCF messages to and from MSMQ messages, and is designed to interoperate with legacy MSMQ clients.

This binding sends binary-encoded SOAP over MSMQ. This binding can
only be used for WCF-to-WCF communication.

Which specifications does WCF follow?
WCF supports specifications defined by WS-* specifications. WS-* specifications are defined
together by Microsoft, IBM, SUN and many other big companies so that they can expose there
service through a common protocol. WCF supports all specifications defined we will understand
them one by one.
• Messaging (WS-Addressing):- SOAP is the fundamental protocol for web services. WS
Addressing defines some extra additions to SOAP headers, which makes SOAP free from
underlying transport protocol. One of the good things about Message transmission is MTOM,
also termed as Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism. They optimize transmission
format for SOAP messages in XML-Binary formant using XML optimized packaging (XOP).
Because the data will sent in binary and optimized format, it will give us huge performance
gain.
Security (WS-Security, WS-Trust, and WS-Secure Conversation): All the three WSdefine
authentication, security, data integrity and privacy features for a service.
Reliability (WS-Reliable Messaging): This specification ensures end-to-end
communication when we want SOAP messages to be traversed back and forth many times.
Transactions (WS-Coordination and WS-Atomic Transaction): These two specifications
enable transaction with SOAP messages.
Metadata (WS-Policy and WS-Metadata exchange): WSDL is a implementation of WSMetadata
Exchange protocol. WS-Policy defines more dynamic features of a service, which
cannot be expressed by WSDL.
WCF follows WS-* specifications other
languages like JAVA , C++ can also exploit features like Messaging , Security , Reliability and
transactions written in C# or VB.NET. This is the biggest achievement of WCF to integrate the
above features with other languages.

What is the difference WCF and Web services?
Web services can only be invoked by HTTP. While Service or a WCF component can be invoked
by any protocol and any transport type. Second web services are not flexible. However, Services
are flexible. If you make a new version of the service then you need to just expose a new end.
Therefore, services are agile and which is a very practical approach looking at the current
business trends.

what are the advantages of hosting WCF Services in IIS as
compared to self-hosting?
There are two main advantages of using IIS over self-hosting:-
Automatic activation
IIS provides automatic activation that means the service is not necessary to be running in
advance. When any message is received by the service it then launches and fulfills the request.
But in case of self hosting the service should always be running.
Process recycling
If IIS finds that a service is not healthy that means if it has memory leaks etc, IIS recycles the
process. For every browser instance, a
worker process is spawned and the request is serviced. When the browser disconnects the worker,
process stops and you loose all information. IIS also restarts the worker process. By default, the
worker process is recycled at around 120 minutes. So why does IIS recycle. By restarting the
worker process it ensures any bad code or memory leak do not cause issue to the whole system.
In case of self-hosting both the above features, you will need to code yourself. Lot of work
right!!.

what are the various ways of hosting a WCF service?
There are three major ways to host a WCF service:-
• Self-hosting the service in his own application domain. This we have already covered in
the first section. The service comes in to existence when you create the object of Service
Host class and the service closes when you call the Close of the Service Host class.
• Host in application domain or process provided by IIS Server.
• Host in Application domain and process provided by WAS (Windows Activation
Service) Server.

Which are the various programming approaches for WCF?/ What is one-way operation?
IsOneWay equal to true ensures that the client does not have to wait for the response. So methods
marked by IsOneWay to true should always return void. In this, the caller does not get anything


in return so it is called as one-way communication.

Agile Interview Question and Answers

What is Agile?
Agile methodology is an approach to project management, typically used in software development.
It helps teams respond to the unpredictability of building software through incremental, iterative work cadences,
known as sprints. This methodology that inspired it: waterfall, or traditional sequential development.

Why Agile?
Agile development methodology attempts to provide many opportunities to assess the direction of a project throughout the development lifecycle. Agile methodology could be described as “iterative” and “incremental.” In waterfall, development teams only have one chance to get each aspect of a project right. In an agile paradigm, every aspect of development — requirements, design, etc. — is continually revisited throughout the lifecycle. When a team stops and re-evaluates the direction of a project every two weeks, there’s always time to steer it in another direction.

What is Agile software development ?
Adaptable software creation, also known as agile software development. Agile development is a style of software development that emphasizes customer satisfaction through continuous delivery of functional software. Based on a variety of iterative development disciplines including extreme programming (XP), agile methods put developers to work in small teams to tight budgets and short timescales. In contrast to traditional software development methods, agile developers liaise continuously with business clients, aiming to deliver working software as frequently as every two weeks during a project, and welcome changes to the requirement in response to evolving business needs

What are the Advantages of Agile Methodology?
–> Customer satisfaction by rapid, continuous delivery of useful software
–> Working software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months)
–> Face-to-face conversation is the best form of communication
–> Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers
–> Working software is the principal measure of progress
–> Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design
–> Simplicity
–> Regular adaptation to changing circumstances
–> Self-organizing teams
–> Projects are built around motivated individuals, who should be trusted
–> Even late changes in requirements are welcomed (this does not mean code & run.
Instead removing an existing feature or moving a deadline forward to accommodate late/unplanned feature requests

What are Agile Methods?
–> Agile Modeling
–> Scrum
–> Agile Unified Process (AUP)
–> Agile Data Method
–> Essential Unified Process (EssUP)
–> Extreme programming (XP)
–> Feature Driven Development (FDD)
–> Getting Real
–> Open Unified Process (OpenUP)
–> Lean software development

What are Agile practices?
–> Test Driven Development (TDD)
–> Behavior Driven Development (BDD)
–> Continuous Integration
–> Pair Programming
–> Planning poker

What is Agile Testing?
Testing practice for projects using agile methodologies, treating development as the customer of testing and emphasizing a test-first design paradigm.

What is Application Binary Interface (ABI)?
A specification defining requirements for portability of applications in binary forms across defferent system platforms and environments.

What are the different approaches to testing on agile development projects?
1. You want to test as early as you possibly can because the potential impact of a defect rises exponentially over time In fact, many agile developers prefer a test-first approach.
2. You want to test as often as possible, and more importantly, as effectively as possible, to increase the chance that you will find defects. Although this increases your costs in the short term, studies have shown that greater investment in testing reduces the total cost of ownership of a system due to improved quality.
3. You want to do just enough testing for your situation: Commercial banking software requires a greater investment in testing than membership administration software .
4. Pair testing, just like pair programming and modeling with others, is an exceptionally good idea.